Termín „evoluce“ a jeho vymezení a použití v českých a britských učebnicích přírodopisu a biologie

Lucie Müllerová

doi:10.14712/18047106.120

Vol. 6 No. 1 (2015): sciED Research Reports

The Term “Evolution” and its Definition and Use in Czech and British Textbooks of Science and Biology

Lucie Müllerová ¹

Katedra biologie a environmentálních studií, Pedagogická fakulta, Univerzita Karlova, M. D. Rettigové 4, 116 39, Praha 1.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14712/18047106.120

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Müllerová, L. (2015). The Term “Evolution” and its Definition and Use in Czech and British Textbooks of Science and Biology. Scientia in Educatione, 6(1), 40-79. https://doi.org/10.14712/18047106.120

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Abstract

The study of evolution and evolutionary mechanisms includes several different approaches. Consequently the concept of evolution is defined in different ways, or is confused with other concepts, such as natural selection or Darwin’s theory. Differences in the use of the terms may result in misconceptions. Therefore, it is necessary to find out, whether textbooks provide space for pupils to orient themselves in the definition of evolution.
The research is focused on the occurrence of terms “evolution”, "evolutionary theory”, “biological evolution”, “Darwin’s theory” and “natural selection” in Czech and British textbooks of Science and Biology. There are 32 textbooks included in the survey. The main objective is to determine the frequency of terms mentioned above and subsequently through the content analysis of the definitions to compare the differences in the occurrence of specific predetermined terms. Definition of terms “evolution”, “evolutionary theory” and “biological evolution” are also confronted with the contents of definitions of evolutionary biologists, and their mutual similarity is demonstrated via a hierarchical cluster analysis.

The research results indicate that in the Czech textbooks the most prevalent term is “Darwin’s theory” while in British textbooks it is “natural selection”. It has been found that the definitions of “evolution”, “biological evolution” and “evolutionary theory” are quite varied in Czech and British textbooks. Definitions of evolutionary biologists, despite of some variability, are strikingly more similar. Based on the content analysis, such notions are summarized and presented, that seem essential for the understanding of the definition or those that may appear to be a factor influencing the emergence of a pupil’s misconceptions. For the definitions of the term “evolution” it is found, that the Czech textbooks describe the “evolution” mostly as “the development of organisms” or “the origin of new species”. British textbooks primarily contain “change of organisms over time”, and the definition of evolutionary biologists usually involves “changing the genes in the population”.

References

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Curriculum for Excellence. (2013). Scotland. Dostupné z http://www.sqa.org.uk/files ccc/CfE CourseSpec N5 Sciences Biology.pdf Search in Google Scholar
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Darwin, C. R. (2006). O původu člověka. Praha: Academia. Přeloženo z anglického originálu 1871. Search in Google Scholar
Darwin, C. R. (2007). O vzniku druhů přírodním výběrem. Praha: Academia. Přeloženo z anglického originálu 1859. Search in Google Scholar
Dobzhansky, T. H., Sinnott, E. W. & Dunn, L. C. (1952). Principle of genetics. 4th. ed. McGraw-Hill: London. Search in Google Scholar
Dobzhansky, T. (1970). Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. New York and London: Columbia Univerzity Press. Search in Google Scholar
Ehrlich, P. R. & Holm, R. W. (1963). The Process of Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill. Search in Google Scholar
Endler, J. A. (1986). Natural selection in the wild. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Search in Google Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1930). The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Search in Google Scholar
Flegr, J. (2005). Evoluční biologie. Praha: Academia. Search in Google Scholar
Futuyma, D. J. (1998). Evolutionary Biology. 3rd ed., Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. Search in Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1981). Evolution as Fact and Theory. Discover, 2(5), 34–37. Search in Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (2002). What Does the Dreaded ‘E’ Word Mean Anyway? In I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History. New York: Harmony Books. Search in Google Scholar
Huxley, J. (1953). Evolution in action. Harper & Brothers: New York. Search in Google Scholar
Lenski, R. E. (2000). Evolution: Fact and Theory. American Institute of Biological Sciences. Dostupné z http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/lenski.html Search in Google Scholar
Li, W. H. (1997). Molecular Evolution. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. Search in Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1982). The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge (MA): The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Search in Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1988).Toward a New Philosophy of Biology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Search in Google Scholar
Mead, L. S. & Scott, E. C. (2010a). Problem concepts in evolution part I: purpose and design. Evolution Education and Outreach, 3, 78–81. Search in Google Scholar
Mead, L. S. & Scott, E. C. (2010b). Problem concepts in evolution part II: cause and chance. Evolution Education and Outreach, 3, 261–264. Search in Google Scholar
Miller, S. J. (1953). A production of amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions. Science, 117, 528. Search in Google Scholar
Moody, D. E. (1996). Evolution and the Textbook Structure of Biology. Science Education UO, (4), 395–418. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Search in Google Scholar
Moran, L. A. (2006) What is evolution? Dostupné z http://bioinfo.med.utoronto.ca/Evolution by Accident/What Is Evolution.html Search in Google Scholar
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SECONDARY national curriculum - Science.pdf Search in Google Scholar
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Oparin, A. I. (1938). The Origin of Life. New York: Macmillan. Search in Google Scholar
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Rector, M. A., Nehm, R. H. & Pearl, D. (2013). Learning the Language of Evolution: Lexical Ambiguity and Word Meaning in Student Explanations. Research in Science Education, 43, 1 107–1 133. Search in Google Scholar
Snustad, D. P. & Simmons, M. J. (2003). Principles of Genetics. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Search in Google Scholar
Spencer, H. (1862). A System of Synthetic Philosophy. London: Williams & Norgate. Search in Google Scholar
Strickberger, M. W. (1996). Evolution. Jones and Boston: Bartlett Publishers. Search in Google Scholar
Thomson, K. S. (1982). The meanings of evolution. American Scientist, 70, 529–531. Search in Google Scholar
White, J., Tollini, C. D. Collie, W. A., Strueber, B. M., Strueber, L. H. & Ward, J. W. (2009). Evolution and University-level Anthropology Textbooks: The “Missing Link”? Evolution: Education and Outreach, 2(4), 722–737. Search in Google Scholar
Wilkins, J. (2001). Defining Evolution. National Center for Science Education, 21, 29–37. Search in Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1992). The Diversity of Life. Cambridge: Belknap Press. Search in Google Scholar
Zillmer, H. J. (1998). Darwins Irrtum. München: Herbig. Search in Google Scholar
National Curriculum. (2013). England. Dostupné z Search in Google Scholar
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment data/file/239134/ Search in Google Scholar
SECONDARY national curriculum - Science.pdf Search in Google Scholar

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[1] Cunningham, D. L. & Wescott, D. J. (2009). Still More “Fancy” and “Myth” than “Fact” in Students’ Conceptions of Evolution. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 2(3), 505–517. Search in Google Scholar

[2] Curriculum for Excellence. (2013). Scotland. Dostupné z http://www.sqa.org.uk/files ccc/CfE CourseSpec N5 Sciences Biology.pdf Search in Google Scholar

[3] Curtis, H. & Barnes, N. S. (1989). Biology, 5th ed. Worth Publishers. Search in Google Scholar

[4] Darwin, C. R. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. Search in Google Scholar

[5] Darwin, C. R. (1871). The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. Search in Google Scholar

[6] Darwin, C. R. (2006). O původu člověka. Praha: Academia. Přeloženo z anglického originálu 1871. Search in Google Scholar

[7] Darwin, C. R. (2007). O vzniku druhů přírodním výběrem. Praha: Academia. Přeloženo z anglického originálu 1859. Search in Google Scholar

[8] Dobzhansky, T. H., Sinnott, E. W. & Dunn, L. C. (1952). Principle of genetics. 4th. ed. McGraw-Hill: London. Search in Google Scholar

[9] Dobzhansky, T. (1970). Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. New York and London: Columbia Univerzity Press. Search in Google Scholar

[10] Ehrlich, P. R. & Holm, R. W. (1963). The Process of Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill. Search in Google Scholar

[11] Endler, J. A. (1986). Natural selection in the wild. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Search in Google Scholar

[12] Fisher, R. A. (1930). The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Search in Google Scholar

[13] Flegr, J. (2005). Evoluční biologie. Praha: Academia. Search in Google Scholar

[14] Futuyma, D. J. (1998). Evolutionary Biology. 3rd ed., Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. Search in Google Scholar

[15] Gould, S. J. (1981). Evolution as Fact and Theory. Discover, 2(5), 34–37. Search in Google Scholar

[16] Gould, S. J. (2002). What Does the Dreaded ‘E’ Word Mean Anyway? In I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History. New York: Harmony Books. Search in Google Scholar

[17] Huxley, J. (1953). Evolution in action. Harper & Brothers: New York. Search in Google Scholar

[18] Lenski, R. E. (2000). Evolution: Fact and Theory. American Institute of Biological Sciences. Dostupné z http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/lenski.html Search in Google Scholar

[19] Li, W. H. (1997). Molecular Evolution. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. Search in Google Scholar

[20] Mayr, E. (1982). The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge (MA): The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Search in Google Scholar

[21] Mayr, E. (1988).Toward a New Philosophy of Biology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Search in Google Scholar

[22] Mead, L. S. & Scott, E. C. (2010a). Problem concepts in evolution part I: purpose and design. Evolution Education and Outreach, 3, 78–81. Search in Google Scholar

[23] Mead, L. S. & Scott, E. C. (2010b). Problem concepts in evolution part II: cause and chance. Evolution Education and Outreach, 3, 261–264. Search in Google Scholar

[24] Miller, S. J. (1953). A production of amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions. Science, 117, 528. Search in Google Scholar

[25] Moody, D. E. (1996). Evolution and the Textbook Structure of Biology. Science Education UO, (4), 395–418. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Search in Google Scholar

[26] Moran, L. A. (2006) What is evolution? Dostupné z http://bioinfo.med.utoronto.ca/Evolution by Accident/What Is Evolution.html Search in Google Scholar

[27] Müllerová, L. (2012). Pojem evoluce a jeho vnímání žáky základních a středních škol. Scientia in educatione, 3(2), 33–64. Search in Google Scholar

[28] Müllerová, L. (in prep.). Interpretace evoluční tematiky na českých školách. Manuscript in preparation. Search in Google Scholar

[29] National Curriculum. (2013). England. Dostupné z https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment data/file/239134/ Search in Google Scholar

[30] SECONDARY national curriculum - Science.pdf Search in Google Scholar

[31] Osborn, H. F. (1918). The origin and evolution of life: On the theory of action, reaction and interaction of energy. London: G. Bell and Sons. Search in Google Scholar

[32] Oparin, A. I. (1938). The Origin of Life. New York: Macmillan. Search in Google Scholar

[33] Ostwald, W. (1910). Natural Philosophy. New York: Henry Holt. Search in Google Scholar

[34] Rámcově vzdělávací program. (2010). Česká republika. Dostupné z Search in Google Scholar

[35] http://www.nuv.cz/file/133

[36] Rámcově vzdělávací program. (2007). Česká republika. Dostupné z Search in Google Scholar

[37] http://www.nuv.cz/file/159

[38] Rector, M. A., Nehm, R. H. & Pearl, D. (2013). Learning the Language of Evolution: Lexical Ambiguity and Word Meaning in Student Explanations. Research in Science Education, 43, 1 107–1 133. Search in Google Scholar

[39] Snustad, D. P. & Simmons, M. J. (2003). Principles of Genetics. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Search in Google Scholar

[40] Spencer, H. (1862). A System of Synthetic Philosophy. London: Williams & Norgate. Search in Google Scholar

[41] Strickberger, M. W. (1996). Evolution. Jones and Boston: Bartlett Publishers. Search in Google Scholar

[42] Thomson, K. S. (1982). The meanings of evolution. American Scientist, 70, 529–531. Search in Google Scholar

[43] White, J., Tollini, C. D. Collie, W. A., Strueber, B. M., Strueber, L. H. & Ward, J. W. (2009). Evolution and University-level Anthropology Textbooks: The “Missing Link”? Evolution: Education and Outreach, 2(4), 722–737. Search in Google Scholar

[44] Wilkins, J. (2001). Defining Evolution. National Center for Science Education, 21, 29–37. Search in Google Scholar

[45] Wilson, E. O. (1992). The Diversity of Life. Cambridge: Belknap Press. Search in Google Scholar

[46] Zillmer, H. J. (1998). Darwins Irrtum. München: Herbig. Search in Google Scholar

[47] National Curriculum. (2013). England. Dostupné z Search in Google Scholar

[48] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment data/file/239134/ Search in Google Scholar

[49] SECONDARY national curriculum - Science.pdf Search in Google Scholar

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