Revize rozborů výzkumu efektu učitelova humorného působení na výsledky učení žáků a studentů
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14712/23362189.2020.1669Klíčová slova:
humor učitele, vliv humoru na učení, vztažnost humoru, techniky humoruAbstrakt
Přehledová studie navazuje na tři relevantní přehledy výzkumů humoru v edukačním prostředí. Soustředí se pouze na výzkumy, v nichž byl zkoumán efekt humoru používaného učiteli na výsledky učení a „výsledky učení“ byly operacionalizované testy osvojených poznatků. Otázkou je, jaké okolnosti ovlivňují efekt humoru na učení. Z rozboru 20 výzkumných studií vyplynulo devět kategorií okolností, které problematizují vliv humoru: trvání výuky; vztažnost humoru k látce; dávkování humoru; techniky humoru; vnímání humornosti studentem; individuální charakteristiky studenta; charakter učiva; médium výuky; trénink učitele. Dle analyzovaných výzkumů pozitivní vliv na učení podporuje: dlouhodobější trvání výuky; vztažnost humoru k podstatným informacím; přiměřené a rovnoměrné dávkování humoru; vkládání humoru po vysvětlení nových poznatků a jejich opakování po ilustrování na humorném příkladu; aktivní práce s humorem ve výuce; trénink učitele; vnímání humornosti studenty. Po dalších výzkumech volá problematika individuální charakteristiky studenta, charakteru učiva, a především technik konstrukce humorné pointy.
Reference
Banas, J. A., Dunbar, N., Rodriguez, D., & Liu, S. J. (2011). A review of humor in educational settings: Four decades of research. Communication Education, 60(1), 115-144.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2010.496867
Bingham, S. C., & Hernandez, A. A. (2009). "Laughing matters": The comedian as social observer, teacher, and conduit of the sociological perspective. Teaching Sociology, 37(4), 335-352.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0092055X0903700403
Bolkan, S., Griffin, D. J., & Goodboy, A. K. (2018). Humor in the classroom: the effects of integrated humor on student learning. Communication Education, 67(2), 144-164.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2017.1413199
Bryant, J., Brown, D., Silberberg, A. R., & Elliott, S. M. (1981). Effects of humorous illustrations in college textbooks. Human Communication Research, 8(1), 43-57.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1981.tb00655.x
Carlson, K. A. (2011). The input of humor on memory: Is the humor effect about humor? Humor, 24 (1), 21-41.
https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.2011.002
Davies, A. P., & Apter, M. J. (1980). Humour and its effect on learning in children. In P. E. McGhee & A. J. Chapman (Eds.), Children's humour (s. 237-253). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Derks, P., Gardner, J. B., & Agarwal, R. (1998). Recall of innocent and tendentious humorous material. Humor, 11(1), 5-19.
https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.1998.11.1.5
Gilliam, L. M. (2019). Magical management in the classroom: Using humor to speak their language. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
Gorham, J. (1988). The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behaviors and student learning. Communication Education, 37(1), 40-53.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03634528809378702
Gorham, J., & Christophel, D. M. (1990). The relationship of teachers' use of humor in the classroom to the immediacy and student learning. Communication Education, 39(1), 46-62.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03634529009378786
Gruner, C. R. (1967). Effect of humor on speaker ethos and audience information gain. Journal of Communication, 17(3), 228-233.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1967.tb01181.x
Gruner, C. R. (1970). The effect of humor in dull and interesting informative speeches. Central States Speech Journal, 21(3),160-166.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10510977009363017
Gruner, C. R. (1976). Wit and humor in mass communication. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), Humor and laughter: Theory, research, and applications (s. 287-311). London: John Wiley & Sons.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203789469-14
Hauck, W. E., & Thomas, J. W. (1972). The relationship of humor to intelligence, creativity, and intentional and incidental learning. Journal of Experimental Education, 40(4), 52-55.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1972.11011352
Hays, E. R. (1970). Ego-threatening classroom communication: A factor analysis of student perceptions. Speech Teacher, 19(1), 43-48.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03634527009377791
Houser, M. L., Cowan, R. L., & West, D. A. (2007). Investigating a new education frontier: Instructor communication behavior in CD-ROM texts - do traditionally positive behaviors translate into this new environment? Communication Quarterly, 55(1), 19-38.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370600998319
Kaplan, R. M., & Pascoe, G. C. (1977). Humorous lectures and humorous examples: Some effects upon comprehension and retention. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(1), 61-65.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.69.1.61
Kelley, D. H., & Gorham, J. (1988). Effects of immediacy on recall of information. Communication Education, 37(3), 198-207.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03634528809378719
Klein, D. M., Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (1982). Relationship between humor in introductory textbooks and students' evaluations of the texts' appeal and effectiveness. Psychological Reports, 50(1), 235-241.
https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1982.50.1.235
Mareš, J. (2013). Přehledové studie: jejich typologie, funkce a způsob vytváření. Pedagogická orientace, 23(4), 427-454.
https://doi.org/10.5817/PedOr2013-4-427
Martin, R. A. (2007). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372564-6/50030-7
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372564-6/50024-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372564-6/50025-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372564-6/50022-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372564-6/50023-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372564-6/50021-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372564-6/50027-7
https://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2007.110
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372564-6/50026-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372564-6/50020-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372564-6/50028-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372564-6/50029-0
Matarazzo, K. L., Durik, A. M., & Delaney, M. L. (2010). The effect of humorous instructional materials on interest in a math task. Motivation & Emotion, 34(3), 293-305.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-010-9178-5
Oppliger, P. A. (2003). Humor and learning. In J. Bryant, D. Roskos-Ewoldsen & J. R. Cantor (Eds.), Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (s. 255-273). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Powell, J., & Andersen, L. W. (1985). Humor and teaching in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 10(1), 79-90.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03075078512331378726
Rule, A. C. & Auge, J. (2005). Using humorous cartoons to teach mineral and rock concepts in sixth grade science class. Journal of Geoscience Education, 53(5), 548-558.
https://doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-53.5.548
Sanders, J. A., & Wiseman, R. L. (1990). The effects of verbal and nonverbal teacher immediacy on perceived cognitive, affective, and behavioral learning in the multicultural classroom. Communication Education, 39(4), 341-353.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03634529009378814
Scott, T. M. (1976). Humor in Teaching. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation, 47(8), 18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00971170.1976.10612332
Shade, R. A. (1996). License to laugh: Humor in the classroom. Englewood, Colo.: Teacher Ideas Press.
Schmidt, S. R. (1994). Effects of humor on sentence memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 20(4), 953-967.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.20.4.953
Schmidt, S. R. (2002). The humour effect: Differential processing and privileged retrieval. Memory, 10(2), 127-138.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210143000263
PMid:11798442
Schmidt, S. R., & Williams, A. R. (2001). Memory for humorous cartoons. Memory & Cognition, 29(2), 305-311.
https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194924
PMid:11352213
Šeďová, K. (2012). Pedagogické efekty humoru ve výukové komunikaci. Pedagogika, 62(4), 426-441.
Šeďová, K. (2013). Humor ve škole. Brno: Masarykova univerzita.
Teslow, J. L. (1995). Humor me: A call for research. Educational Technology Research & Development,43(3), 6-28.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02300453
Torok, S. E., McMorris, R. F., & Lin, W. (2004). Is humor an appreciated teaching tool? Perceptions of professors' teaching styles and use of humor. College Teaching, 52(1), 14-20.
https://doi.org/10.3200/CTCH.52.1.14-20
Vance, C. M. (1987). A comparative study on the use of humor in the design of instruction. Instructional Science, 16, 79-100.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120007
Wakshlag, J. J., Day, K. D., & Zillmann, D. (1981). Selective exposure to educational television programs as a function of differently paced humorous inserts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73(1), 27-32.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.73.1.27
Wanzer, M. B., & Frymier, A. B. (1999). The relationship between student perceptions of instructor humor and students' reports of learning. Communication Education, 48(1), 48-62.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03634529909379152
Wanzer, M. B., Frymier, A. B., & Irwin, J. (2010). An explanation of the relationship between instruction humor and student learning: Instructional humor processing theory. Communication Education, 59(1), 1-18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520903367238
Weaver, J., Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1988). Effects of humorous distortions on children's
learning from educational television: Further evidence. Communication Education, 57(3), 181-187.
Zillmann, D., Williams, B. R., Bryant, J., Boynton, K. R., & Wolf, M. A. (1980). Acquisition of information from educational television programs as a function of differently paced humorous inserts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72(2), 170-180.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.72.2.170
PMid:7365099
Zillmann, D., Masland, J. L., Weaver, J. B., Lacey, L. A., Jacobs, N. E., Dow, J. H., Klein, C. A., & Banker, S. R. (1984). Effects of humorous distortions on children's learning from educational television. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(5), 802-812.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.76.5.802
Ziv, A. (1976). Facilitating effects of humor on creativity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68(3), 318-322.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.68.3.318
PMid:932306
Ziv, A. (1988). Teaching and learning with humor: Experiment and replication. Journal of Experimental Education, 57(1), 5-15.
