Fear and School Achievement
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14712/23362189.2019.1594Keywords:
psychology of education, fear and anxiety, test anxiety, components of fear, fear and learning, motivationAbstract
The article introduces the issue of fear and mainly focuses on the relationship between pupil’s fear and school achievement, particularly on the impact of fear on learning. Structural and process approaches to fear and test anxiety (fear components) are analysed. We focus on models of interference and models of deficit and anxiety issues in the learning process, anxiety in relations to pupil’s personality, and the differentiation of anxiety into facilitating and debilitating. Attention is focused on the evaluation (processing) of fear by the individual. The key question we are trying to solve is how much fear fosters or weakens school achievement. Marginally, we also analyse the related constructs of fear, motivational and volitional characteristics of pupils.
References
Alpert, R., & Haber, R. N. (1960). Anxiety in academic achievement situations. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61(2), 207-215.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045464
PMid:13682679
Atkinson, J. W. (1964). An introduction to motivation. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175-1184.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175
PMid:2782727
Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 319-333.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319
Cassady, J. C. (2004). The influence of cognitive test anxiety across the learning-testing cycle. Learning and Instruction, 14(6), 569-592.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2004.09.002
Cassady, J. C., & Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(2), 270-295.
https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.2001.1094
Corr, P. J. (2004). Reinforcement sensitivity theory and personality. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 28(3), 317-332.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.01.005
PMid:15225974
Culler, R. E., & Holahan, C. J. (1980). Test anxiety and academic performance: The effects of study-related behaviors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72(1), 16-20.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.72.1.16
PMid:7378145
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Hauserová, E. (1996). O štěstí a smyslu života: Můžeme ovládat své prožitky a ovlivňovat jejich kvalitu? Praha: Lidové noviny.
Drvota, S., & Plzák, M. (1971). Úzkost a strach. Praha: Avicenum.
Gray, J. A. (1982). Précis of the neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5(3), 469-484.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00013066
Hagtvet, K. A. (1989). The construct of test anxiety: Conceptual and methodological issues. Bergen/London: Sigma Forlag / Jessica Kingsley.
Hagtvet, K. A., Man, F., & Sharma, S. (2001). Generalizability of self-related cognitions in test anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(7), 1147-1171.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00212-9
Hellhammer, D. H., Wüst, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2009). Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(2), 163-171.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026
PMid:19095358
Hembree, R. (1988). Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 58(1), 47-77.
https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543058001047
High, R. (2013). Diagnostika časové perspektivy u středoškolské mládeže (Disertační práce). Praha: Univerzita Karlova, Pedagogická fakulta.
Hodapp, V., Glanzmann, P. G., & Laux, L. (1995). Theory and measurement of test anxiety as a situation-specific trait. In C. D. Spielberger & P. R. Vagg (Eds.), Series in clinical and community psychology. Test anxiety: Theory, assessment, and treatment (s. 47-58). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Honzák, R. (1995). Strach, tréma, úzkost a jak je zvládat. Praha: Maxdorf.
Hrabal, V., Man, F., & Pavelková, I. (1989). Psychologické otázky motivace ve škole. Praha: Státní pedagogické nakladatelství.
Hrabal, I., & Pavelkova, V. (2010). Jaký jsem učitel. Praha: Portál.
Jerusalem, M., Liepmann, D., & Hermann, C. (1985). Test anxiety and achievement motivation: An analysis of causal relationships. Advances in Test Anxiety, 4, 135-138.
Keith, N., Hodapp, V., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Cross-sectional and longitudinal confirmatory factor models for the German Test Anxiety Inventory: A construct validation. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 16(3), 251-270.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1061580031000095416
Kubíková, K., Boháčová, A., Lukavská, K., Mainz, D., & Svobodová, S. (2018a). Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI): Validization and psychometric properties of Czech version. Intcess 2018 - 5th International Conference on Education and Social Sciences, Dubai (s. 167-175).
Kubíková, K., Pavelková, I., Škaloudová, A., Lukavská, K., & Svobodová, S. (2018b). Measuring behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation in children-validation of Czech BIS/BAS scale. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 23(3), 43-60.
Krohne, H. W. (1996). Angst und Angstbewältigung. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Liebert, R. M., & Morris, L. W. (1967). Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data. Psychological Reports, 20(3), 975-978.
https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1967.20.3.975
PMid:6042522
Man, F., & Hrabal, V. (1989). Self-concept of ability, social consequences, anxiety, and attribution as correlates of action control. In F. Halisch & J. van den Bercken (Eds.), International perspectives on achievement and task motivation (s. 309-316). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Man, F., Stuchlíková, I., & Hagtvet, K. A. (1992). The effects of cognitive interference and experimentally manipulated failure on information processing in a complex strategic game. Advances in Test Anxiety Research, 7, 332-343.
Mandler, G., & Sarason, S. B. (1952). A study of anxiety and learning. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47(2), 166-173.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0062855
PMid:14937950
McNaughton, N., & Corr, P. (2008). The neuropsychology of fear and anxiety: A foundation for Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. In P. Corr (Ed.), The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality (s. 44-94). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819384.003
McNaughton, N., & Gray, J. A. (2000). Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies multiple types of arousal contribute to anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61(3), 161-176.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00344-X
Muris, P., Meesters, C., de Kanter, E., & Timmerman, P. E. (2005a). Behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation system scales for children: Relationships with Eysenck's personality traits and psychopathological symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(4), 831-841.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.06.007
Muris, P., Roelofs, J., Rassin, E., Franken, I., & Mayer, B. (2005b). Mediating effects of rumination and worry on the links between neuroticism, anxiety and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(6), 1105-1111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.04.005
Naveh-Benjamin, M., McKeachie, W. J., & Lin, Y.-G. (1987). Two types of test-anxious students: Support for an information processing model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(2), 131-136.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.79.2.131
Neudörflová, B. (2017). Kognitivní, emocionální a behaviorální dimenze strachu v úkolových situacích v matematice (Rigorózní práce). Praha: Univerzita Karlova, Pedagogická fakulta.
Pavelková, I. (2002). Motivace žáků k učení: Perspektivní orientace žáků a časový faktor v žákovské motivaci. Praha: Pedagogická fakulta UK.
Pavelková, I., & Dvořáková, I. (2015). Motivace v úkolové situaci. Pedagogika, 65(1), 34-56.
Pavelková, I., Stuchlíková, I., Škaloudová, A., Kubíková, K., & Man, F. (2013) Vztahové normy učitele a jejich vliv na výkonovou motivaci žáků. In J. Jošt, F. Man & A. Nohavová et al., Podpora zdravého psychického vývoje (s. 56-84). Praha: Eduko.
Pavelková, I, & Tauchmanová, E. (2013). Motivace v diskurzu učitelů matematiky na 2. stupni základní školy. In M. Rendl et al., Kritická místa matematiky na základní škole očima učitelů. Praha: Pedagogická fakulta UK.
Pavelková, I., & Urbanová, D. (2018). Nuda v edukačním kontextu: Teoretické konceptualizace a výzkumné metody. Československá psychologie, 62(4), 350-365.
Sarason, I. G. (1984). Stress, anxiety, and cognitive interference: Reactions to tests. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 929-986.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.929
PMid:6737201
Schmalt, H. D. (2005). Validity of a short form of the Achievement-Motive Grid (AMG-S): Evidence for the three-factor structure emphasizing active and passive forms of fear of failure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84(2), 172-184.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8402_07
PMid:15799892
Schultheiss, O. C., Wiemers, U. S., & Wolf, O. T. (2014). Implicit need for achievement predicts attenuated cortisol responses to difficult tasks. Journal of Research in Personality, 48, 84-92.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013.10.004
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1992). Advances in anxiety theory: A cognitive process approach. Advances in Test Anxiety Research, 7, 2-31.
Schwarzer, R., Jerusalem, M., & Stiksrud, A. (1984). The developmental relationship between test anxiety and helplessness. Advances in Test Anxiety Research, 3, 73-79.
Schwarzer, R., & Quast, H. (1985). Multidimensionality of the anxiety experience: Evidence for additional components. Advances in Test Anxiety Research, 4, 3-15.
Smith, R. J., Arnkoff, D. B., & Wright, T. L. (1990). Test Anxiety and Academic Competence: A comparison of alternative models. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37(3), 313-321.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.37.3.313
Spielberger, C. D., Gonzalez, H. P., Taylor, C. J., Algaze, B., & Anton, W. D. (1978). Examination stress and test anxiety. Stress & Anxiety, 5, 167-191.
Stöber, J. (2004). Dimensions of test anxiety: Relations to ways of coping with pre-exam anxiety and uncertainty. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 17(3), 213-226.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800412331292615
Tobias, S. (1985). Test anxiety: Interference, defective skills, and cognitive capacity. Educational Psychologist, 20(3), 135-142.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2003_3
Tobias, S. (1986). Anxiety and cognitive processing of instruction. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-related cognitions in anxiety and motivation (s. 35-55). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Urbanová, D. (2016). Časová perspektiva a nuda (Bakalářská práce). Praha: Univerzita Karlova, Pedagogická fakulta.
Vaníčková, M. (2014). Prožitek flow a zaujetí úkolem v hodinách německého jazyka (Bakalářská práce). Praha: Univerzita Karlova, Pedagogická fakulta.
Vitošková, V., & Pavelková, I. (2018). Vztah žáků k budoucnosti. Lifelong Learning - celoživotní vzdělávání, 6(3), 53-80.
https://doi.org/10.11118/lifele2016060353
Vymětal, J. (2004). Úzkost a strach u dětí: Jak jim předcházet a jak je překonávat. Praha: Portál.
Wilson, G. D., & Brazendale, A. H. (1973). Social attitude correlates of Eysenck's personality dimensions. Social Behavior and Personality, 1(2), 115-118.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0035624
https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1973.1.2.115
Wine, J. (1971). Test anxiety and direction of attention. Psychological Bulletin, 76(2), 92-104.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031332
PMid:4937878
Zeidner, M. (1998). Test anxiety: The state of the art. New York: Springer.